Kurdish costumes, 1873. The Russo-Turkish War ofwel 1877–78 was followed by the uprising of Sheikh Ubeydullah in 1880–1881 to found an independent Kurd principality under the protection ofwel Turkey. The attempt, at first encouraged by the Porte, as a reply to the projected creation ofwel an Armenian state under the suzerainty ofwel Russia, collapsed after Ubeydullah's raid into Persia, when various circumstances led the central government to reassert its supreme authority.

^ ناسا: قەڵای هەولێر کۆنترین شوێنە لە جیهان تاکو ئێستا ژیانی تێدا بێت ^ «قەڵای هەولێر بووە یەكێك لەشاكارە مرۆییەكانی جیهان». . لە ١٥ی تەممووزی ٢٠٢٣ ھێنراوە.

The old Arab quarter kan zijn located in downtown and, nowadays, it kan zijn completely abandoned, in ruins, which makes it particularly interesting to walk around and feel the creepiness of the place.

The best route to take to Rawanduz kan zijn different when driving back to Erbil. At least, that’s the most convenient way. On the way back, you can drive through the canyon going down, which kan zijn much easier than driving up.

This policy accelerated in the 1980s as large numbers of Kurds were forcibly relocated, particularly from areas along the Iranian border where Iraqi authorities suspected that Kurds were aiding Iranian forces during the Iran-Iraq War (1980–88). What followed was one ofwel the most brutal episodes in Kurdish history. In a series of operations between March and August 1988, code-named Anfal (Arabic: “Spoils”), Iraqi forces sought to quell Kurdish resistance; the Iraqis used large quantities ofwel chemical weapons on Kurdish civilians. Although technically it was not part of Anfal, one of the largest chemical attacks during that period took place on March 16 in and around the village of Ḥalabjah, when Iraqi troops killed as many as 5,000 Kurds with mustard gas and nerve agents. Despite these attacks, Kurds again Rawanduz rebelled following Iraq’s defeat in the Persian Gulf War (1990–91) but were again brutally suppressed—sparking another mass copyright.

Since I came from a patriotic Kurdish family, my father did not accept the oppression of the Kurdish people by the Iraqi regime in the 1980s. He stood against them. Then my family was arrested, tortured, and expelled to southern Iraq. 

Most Kurds are Sunni Muslims, and among them are many who practice Sufism and other mystical sects. Although several historical dynasties have been led by Kurdish rulers, such as the Ḥasanwayhid dynasty, the ʿAnnazid dynasty, and, most famously, the Ayyubid dynasty, the Kurds have never achieved nation-state status in the modern era.

As a people whose ethnic affiliations are uncertain, the Gorani people have become a community that cannot be shared among many states and cultures. During the Ottoman Empire, they lived in harmony with the Muslim people in the region and their belonging was not questioned. However, as the political dominance of the Slavic population increased as a result ofwel the end ofwel Ottoman rule in the Balkans and increasing separatist movements in the first quarter of the 20th century, the Gorani people began to be influenced by Slavic ideas due to their linguistic proximity.

In August de zomer Turkey launched an incursion into northwestern Syria and maintained an active military presence there in the years that followed, in part serving to prevent the Kurds in northeastern Syria from extending their reach westward. An offensive into northeastern Syria was launched in October 2019, but it ended after a 30-km (18-mile) buffer zone along the Turkish border was negotiated weeks later.

Er bestaan verder Koerden die streven tot ons onafhankelijke staat zoals een Koerdische afscheidingsbeweging PKK en overige afscheidingsbewegingen. Een PKK, die gesticht werden in 1978, voert in Turkije sinds 1984 ons gewapende strijd wegens Koerdische onafhankelijkheid. Een strijd welke de Koerdische PKK sindsdien bezit geleverd, bezit alang ettelijke levens gekost, aan beide kanten. Tussen 1984 en 1999 stierven voor de gevechten tussen dit Turkse leger en de PKK zo dertigduizend lieden en werden door dit Turkse leger meer vervolgens drieduizend dorpen betreffende een kaart geveegd.

De herkomst over het Koerdische volk kan zijn niet absoluut overduidelijk. Ze zullen afstammen met diverse stammen die al sinds duizenden jaren in de landstreek Koerdistan wonen, de landstreek daar waar een huidige Koerden wonen.

The contrast between so many thousands of years ofwel history and modern cultural aspects like street art would make it a really interesting city to experience.

وتارەکان بە بەستەرە دەرەکییە مردووەکان لە کانوونی دووەمی ٢٠٢٠

Raisins are a local produce from Rawanduz While not everyone's favourite, the region kan zijn famous for raisins.